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UID:1627@i2m.univ-amu.fr
DTSTART;TZID=Europe/Paris:20170313T110000
DTEND;TZID=Europe/Paris:20170313T120000
DTSTAMP:20170226T100000Z
URL:https://www.i2m.univ-amu.fr/evenements/phylodynamics-of-avian-influenz
 a-a-smoking-gun-for-environmental-transmission/
SUMMARY: (...): Phylodynamics of avian influenza: a smoking-gun for environ
 mental transmission?
DESCRIPTION:: Avian influenza viruses (AIVs) have been pivotal to the origi
 nation of human pandemic strains. Despite their scientific and public heal
 th significance\, however\, there remains much to be understood about the 
 ecology and evolution of AIVs in wild birds\, where major pools of genetic
  diversity are generated and maintained. Here\, we present comparative phy
 lodynamic analyses of human and AIVs in North America\, demonstrating (i) 
 significantly higher standing genetic diversity and (ii) phylogenetic tree
 s with a weaker signature of immune escape in AIVs than in human viruses. 
 To explain these differences\, we performed statistical analyses to quanti
 fy the relative contribution of several potential explanations. We found t
 hat HA genetic diversity in avian viruses is determined by a combination o
 f factors\, predominantly subtype-specific differences in host immune sele
 ctive pressure and the ecology of transmission (in particular\, the durabi
 lity of subtypes in aquatic environments). Extending this analysis using a
  computational model demonstrated that virus durability may lead to long-t
 erm\, indirect chains of transmission that\, when coupled with a short hos
 t lifespan\, can generate and maintain the observed high levels of genetic
  diversity. Further evidence in support of this novel finding was found by
  demonstrating an association between subtype-specific environmental durab
 ility and predicted phylogenetic signatures: genetic diversity\, variation
  in phylogenetic tree branch lengths\, and tree height. The conclusion tha
 t environmental transmission plays an important role in the evolutionary b
 iology of avian influenza viruses—a manifestation of the “storage effe
 ct”—highlights the potentially unpredictable impact of wildlife reserv
 oirs for future human pandemics and the need for improved understanding of
  the natural ecology of these viruses.https://sites.google.com/site/rocheb
 en/
CATEGORIES:Séminaire,Mathématiques-Évolution-Biologie
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