Phenotypic plasticity is the ability of organisms with identical genotype to produce different phenotypes in response to different environments (e.g. West-Eberhard 2003). It is pervasive in nature, and often is crucial in helping organisms cope with variable environments.
Recently, plasticity has been advertised by some as a centerpiece of an “extended evolutionary synthesis” (West-Eberhard 2003, Piggliucci and Müller 2009?), which aims to unify traditional population genetics with evolutionary developmental biology.
The main argument is that plasticity plays a leading role evolution (“genes follow development”), including diversification and evolutionary novelties (West-Eberhard 2003).
In the context speciation, plasticity is thought to facilitate phenotypic/ecological divergence as well as the evolution of reproductive isolation (West-Eberhard 2003, Pfennig et al. 2010, Pfenning and McGhee 2010, Fitzpatrick 2012). [Suggested mechanisms include …] In particular, several of the proposed examples imply speciation with gene flow (e.g., …).
However, many proposed scenarios rely on verbal models, and many details remain unclear. This is particularly true for scenarios involving plasticity in an ecological adaptation trait (but see Thibert-Plante and Hendry 2011).
Open questions include:
Under what conditions is plastic divergence expected to precede genetic divergence, and when is genetic divergence expected to “take over” at a later stage
Under what conditions does plasticity facilitate or impede the evolution of reproductive isolation in the presence of gene flow?
If plastic traits themselves contribute to RI, what are the interactions between the evolution of environmentally and genetically induced reproductive barriers (see Fitzpatrick 2012)?